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<\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\nJuly 30, 2026, Concerns are growing that a planned Thailand-Myanmar agreement on transboundary river pollution could be significantly weakened after Myanmar proposed revisions to several key provisions in the draft Terms of Reference (TOR), including those governing Joint Sampling, Joint Monitoring, and the preparation of a Joint Source Investigation Report.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
The revised TOR is expected to be submitted to the Thai cabinet on Aug 4, ahead of the official visit to Thailand by Myanmar President Min Aung Hlaing on Aug 6, when the agreement is expected to be signed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The proposed agreement seeks to establish a Joint Working Group on Water Quality Management in Boundary and Transboundary Rivers between Thailand and Myanmar (JWG) to address pollution affecting six rivers shared by the two countries \u2014 the Kok, Sai, Ruak, Mekong, Salween and Kraburi rivers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The initiative stems from ministerial-level talks held in Nay Pyi Taw on Aug 20, 2025, when then deputy prime minister Prasert Jantararuangtong, together with representatives from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Industry, Ministry of Public Health and the Office of National Water Resources, met Myanmar’s Minister for Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation, Khin Maung Yi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The two sides agreed in principle to strengthen environmental cooperation, improve information exchange, establish a Joint Technical Working Group (JTWG), and enhance technical cooperation, capacity building and public awareness on transboundary water quality management and mining-related issues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Following the meeting, Thailand’s Pollution Control Department (PCD) prepared the draft TOR and submitted it to Myanmar in December 2025. Myanmar returned a revised version on July 27 after about seven months. The PCD convened a meeting with relevant agencies on July 28 to review the revisions before forwarding the draft to the cabinet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Under Thailand’s original proposal, the JWG would undertake Joint Monitoring of Water Quality, including establishing compatible monitoring stations, adopting common monitoring methods and parameters, conducting Joint Sampling and laboratory analysis, and preparing annual joint monitoring reports.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The draft also called for Source Investigation, Risk Identification, and Establishment of an Early Warning System, including joint investigations into pollution sources, identification of pollution hotspots, preparation of Joint Source Investigation Reports with risk maps, and development of a joint early warning system. Other areas of cooperation covered public health risk assessments, technical cooperation, policy coordination and collaboration with regional organisations such as the Mekong River Commission (MRC) and Asean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A source familiar with the negotiations said one of Myanmar’s most significant revisions was the deletion of the word “Joint” from provisions relating to water sampling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
According to the source, Thailand’s proposal required officials from both countries to jointly conduct field sampling, collect water samples together and supervise quality assurance throughout the sampling process. Removing the term changes the concept from creating shared scientific evidence to simply comparing laboratory results generated independently by each country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Although both countries could still use similar laboratory analytical standards, differences in sampling methods, personnel and quality assurance procedures could affect the credibility, consistency and traceability of the data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
“Thailand should insist on retaining Joint Sampling, at least in high-risk areas or when abnormal pollution events occur, so that the scientific evidence is jointly accepted and disputes over data credibility can be minimised,” the source said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Myanmar also inserted the phrase “mutually agreed standard for the comparative study of water quality laboratory findings.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The source described this as a positive development because it would establish common laboratory analytical standards, allowing laboratory results from both countries to be compared more effectively.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
However, the revised TOR does not establish a Common Assessment Framework for interpreting those results.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Without such a framework, the two countries could interpret identical monitoring data differently. For example, Thailand’s water quality standard for arsenic is 0.01 milligrams per litre, while Myanmar’s standard is 0.05mg\/L. If arsenic were detected at 0.03mg\/L, Thailand would regard the level as exceeding its national standard and requiring preventive measures, whereas Myanmar would still consider it acceptable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The source said Thailand should propose a Common Assessment Framework covering interpretation criteria, contamination severity levels, warning thresholds, joint response measures and broader environmental indicators, including sediment quality, heavy metal accumulation in aquatic organisms, soil contamination, ecosystem impacts and public health impacts, rather than relying solely on water quality data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Another major revision concerns Joint Monitoring.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Myanmar replaced Thailand’s proposal with the wording: “Monitoring water quality at mutually agreed locations of respective countries on their own plans independently, and exchanging the resulting data between both participants.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n
According to the source, the phrase “on their own plans independently” fundamentally changes the concept of the TOR. Thailand originally proposed Joint Monitoring, under which both countries would jointly plan, jointly conduct monitoring and jointly validate the results. The revised wording instead allows each country to conduct monitoring independently before exchanging data afterwards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The source warned that independent monitoring could result in significant differences in sampling schedules, methodologies and data quality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Thailand should therefore propose the establishment of a Joint Verification Mechanism to be activated when abnormal pollution incidents occur or when monitoring results from the two countries differ significantly, the source said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Myanmar also deleted the phrase “and prepare joint source investigation reports with risk maps” from the section dealing with pollution source investigations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The source described this as one of the most significant revisions because a Joint Source Investigation Report is the mechanism through which both countries would jointly verify and endorse findings on the origin of pollution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Without such a requirement, both countries could still investigate pollution sources and identify high-risk areas, but there would be no obligation to produce a jointly endorsed report or agree on common findings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
As a result, each country could produce separate reports and interpret the findings differently, making it more difficult to identify polluters, coordinate remedial measures, pursue legal action against polluters or use the findings as evidence in international forums.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
“Thailand should insist on retaining the requirement for a Joint Source Investigation Report in the TOR. It should be recognised as a jointly endorsed scientific document and serve as the basis for pollution prevention, ecosystem restoration and long-term monitoring,” the source said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The source said the revisions suggest that Myanmar is seeking to shift the framework away from Joint Operationstowards broader Cooperation based primarily on Information Exchange and Comparative Study.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Instead of conducting joint field investigations and jointly endorsing scientific findings, each country would carry out its own work independently before exchanging information.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The source also questioned the composition of the proposed Joint Working Group.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Although the TOR covers all boundary and transboundary rivers shared by Thailand and Myanmar, local representation is currently limited to Chiang Rai province on the Thai side and Shan State on the Myanmar side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The source said this does not reflect the full geographical scope of the agreement, which also covers the Salween River in Mae Hong Son, opposite Karen and Karenni states, and the Kraburi River in Ranong, opposite Myanmar’s Tanintharyi Region.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The source urged Thailand to review the composition of the Joint Working Group so that all provinces, states and regions directly affected by transboundary river pollution are appropriately represented.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
This is a translation of original Thai article https:\/\/transbordernews.in.th\/home\/?p=47200<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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